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ConferenceSeries Ltd is an amalgamation of Open Access Publications and worldwide International conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology "Open Access", ConferenceSeries Ltd publishes 700 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. ConferenceSeries Ltd has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centre’s and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. OMICS International also organizes 1000 International conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.
 
ConferenceSeries Ltd is organizing International Conference on Tuberculosis during April 24-26, 2017, in Las Vegas, USA. The theme of the conference is “Focusing on Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment”. This congress is expecting audience such as experts from Doctors, Professors, Students, Researchers, Microbiologists and experts from academics as well as industrialists
 
Track 01: Introduction to Tuberculosis
 
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious airborne disease caused by the bacteria ‘’Mycobacterium tuberculosis”(MTB).  MTB is an obligate pathogenic bacterial species in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface (primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid), which makes the cells impervious to Gram staining; M. tuberculosis can appear Gram-negative and Gram-positive in clinical settings. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, or acid-fast stain, is used instead. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, and chest radiographs.
 
Track 02: Causes of Tuberculosis
 
The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. TB is widespread, deadly and causes the highest number of deaths worldwide. One third of the global population has latent TB infection. The bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain.
 
 The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria:
 
  • M. bovis: It was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries.
  • M. africanum: It is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. 
  • M. canetti: It is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. 
  • M. microti.  It is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.
 
Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae, M. avium, and M. kansasii. The latter two species are classified as "nontuberculous mycobacteria" (NTM). NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble TB.
 
Track 03: Epidemiology of the disease
 
Tuberculosis epidemiology is the field that is concerned with the study of health and disease within populations and the various underlying factors that lead to these conditions, with a goal of preventing the spread of such future incidents of Tuberculosis epidemiology also involves the investigation of different patterns of disease within a population, in relation to which people are affected, the spatial distribution of affected people, and the temporal distribution of affected people (i.e. patterns of disease through time). It is thus considered the cornerstone of public health, productive medicine, and preventive medicine.
 
Track 04: Genome
 
The genome of the H37Rv strain was published in 1998.] Its size is 4 million base pairs, with 3959 genes; 40% of these genes have had their function characterised, with possible function postulated for another 44%. Within the genome are also six pseudogenes.
 
The genome contains 250 genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, with 39 of these involved in the polyketide metabolism generating the waxy coat. Such large numbers of conserved genes show the evolutionary importance of the waxy coat to pathogen survival. Bacteria isolated from the lungs of infected mice were shown to preferentially use fatty acids over carbohydrate substrates. M. tuberculosis can also grow on the lipid cholesterol as a sole source of carbon, and genes involved in the cholesterol use pathway(s) have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis, especially during the chronic phase of infection when other nutrients are likely not available.
 
About 10% of the coding capacity is taken up by the PE/PPE gene families that encode acidic, glycine-rich proteins. These proteins have a conserved N-terminal motif, deletion of which impairs growth in macrophages and granulomas.
 
 
Track 05: Pathogenesis
 
TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.
 
 The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.
 
Track 06: Symptoms
 
Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis).Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs.
 
General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Significant nail clubbing may also occur.
 
  • Pulmonary: If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. 
     
  • Extrapulmonary: In 15–20% cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as "osseous tuberculosis", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer.  An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of "wash leather". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.
 
Track 07: Pulmonary disorders
 
If tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases).Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 

Track 08: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
 
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
 
Track 09: TB and HIV co-infection
 
TB and HIV co-infection is when people have both HIV infection, and also either latent or active TB disease. When someone has both HIV and TB each disease speeds up the progress of the other. In addition to HIV infection speeding up the progression from latent to active TB, TB bacteria also accelerate the progress of HIV infection. TB also occurs earlier in the course of HIV infection than many other opportunistic infections. The risk of death in co-infected individuals is also twice that of HIV infected individuals without TB, even when CD4 cell count and antiretroviral therapy are taken into account.
 
The provision of HIV antiretroviral therapy and anti TB drug treatment at the same time involves a number of potential difficulties including:
  • Cumulative drug toxicities
  • Drug – drug interactions
  • A high pill burden
  • The Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
 
Track 10: Diagnosis
 
Diagnosis of TB should be considered with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks.  A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. Diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. These tests, however, are not routinely recommended, as they rarely alter how a person is treated. Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive, so they are not recommended.
 
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.
 
 
Track 11: TB clinical trials
 
Clinical trials are concerned with diagnoses and Treatment. The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is an increasing global health problem. Recent advances in the development of new drugs and regimens provide hope that well tolerated, effective, and shorter-duration treatments for tuberculosis (TB) will become available.
 
 
Track 12: Challenges in TB diagnostics
 
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a disease affecting almost all parts of the world since ages. Lot many efforts came in the past for improving diagnosis and treatment. Also, an effective vaccine has been sought after for long. With the emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal organisms of tuberculosis, and complexities emerging due to other associated infections and disease conditions, there is a desperate need for further research input in the field. Be it the better medication and care or better resistance management, proper diagnostics holds the key to success. It has been observed that a high burden of the disease was accompanied by resource limitations and poor research set-up. The scenario remained like this for several decades. With the refreshed vision of resourceful countries and funding agencies, funding is being provided in many areas of research in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment. This review has been written with an aim to bring forth the limitations of available methods in the field of diagnostics and making researchers aware about the changing scenario with better funding opportunities and support. The author visualizes an enthusiasm from all over the world for the development of better modalities and urges scientists to join the struggle at this very perfect time to take the challenge and come forward with innovations in this field.
 
 
Track 13: Prevention
 
Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. The World Health Organization has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or interferon-gamma release assays.
 
TB education is also necessary for the general public. The public needs to know basic information about TB for a number of reasons including reducing the stigma still associated with TB.
 
TB prevention consists of two main parts. The first part of TB prevention is to stop the transmission of TB from one adult to another. This is done through firstly, identifying people with active TB, and then curing them through the provision of drug treatment. With proper TB treatment someone with TB will very quickly not be infectious and so can no longer spread the disease to others. The second main part of TB prevention is to prevent people with latent TB from developing active, and infectious, TB disease.
 
 
Track 14: Treatment (Vaccines & Immunization)
 
The only available vaccine as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or bacille Calmette-Guérin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Many persons have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease.
 
TB disease can be treated by taking several drugs for 6 to 9 months.  There are 10 drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating TB. Of the approved drugs, the first-line anti-TB agents that form the core of treatment regimens are: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin. Once the TB isolate is known to be fully susceptible, ethambutol (or streptomycin, if it is used as a fourth drug) can be discontinued.
 
 Directly observed therapy (DOT) is recommended for all patients. With DOT, patients on the above regimens can be switched to 2- to 3-times per week dosing after an initial 2 weeks of daily dosing. Patients on twice-weekly dosing must not miss any doses. Prescribe daily therapy for patients on self-administered medication.
 
 
Track 15: Resistance to TB drugs
 
Primary MDR-TB occurs in patients who have not previously been infected with TB but who become infected with a strain that is resistant to treatment. Acquired MDR-TB occurs in patients during treatment with a drug regimen that is not effective at killing the particular strain of TB with which they have been infected Treatment of MDR-TB requires treatment with second-line drugs, usually four or more anti-TB drugs for a minimum of 6 months, and possibly extending for 18–24 months if rifampin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of TB with which the patient has been infected.In general, second-line drugs are less effective, more toxic and much more expensive than first-line drugs. Under ideal program conditions, MDR-TB cure rates can approach 70%.
 
Track 16: Surveillance and Tracking of Drug-Resistant TB
 
Systematic surveillance and tracking of drug-resistant TB helps in understanding the overall burden of the disease and can inform research and practice in diagnosis, treatment, and infection control. Speakers at the workshop described various approaches being taken to advance the tracking of drug-resistant TB in South Africa. This chapter summarizes those presentations. The first section reviews the use of genetic fingerprinting methodologies to understand the genotype and physiology of the various drug-resistant TB strains found in South Africa. The second section describes a clinical screening tool that has been developed to intensify TB case finding. The final section addresses the need for information systems to increase laboratory capacity.
 
 
Track 17: New research and development
 
Current tuberculosis (TB)-control methods, which do not include an adequate vaccine, do not effectively block transmission of TB.  Modelling studies show that mass vaccination campaigns using new vaccines could prevent 85.9 million new cases and 14.5 million deaths from 2015 through 2050 in southern Asia alone. After a dearth of many years, the development pipeline now includes 7 vaccine candidates that are being tested in humans. Two nonreplicating viral vectored vaccines have very recently entered the first phase IIb efficacy trial in infants (the first such trial in 80 years) and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Science is moving forward, but the scientific advancements need to be accompanied by political mobilization to ensure that the resources are available to develop, manufacture, and distribute the new vaccines and, thus, save millions of lives.
 

About Conference


ConferenceSeries Ltd  takes immense pleasure & feels honoured in inviting the contributors across the globe to International Conference on Tuberculosis  to be held during April 20-21, 20167 at Las Vegas, USA on the theme " Focusing on Tuberculosis, Safety, Diagnosis and Treatment”

 

Tuberculosis -2017 welcomes participants, visitors, delegates and exhibitors from all over the world to the idealist city of Las Vegas, United States. Conference Series organizes 1000+ Global Events inclusive of 300+ Conferences, 500+ Workshops and 200+ Symposiums on various topics of Science & Technology  across the globe with support from 1000 more scientific  societies . ConferenceSeries Ltd also publishes 500+ Open Access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Summary

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It grows best in areas of the body that have lots of blood and oxygen. That's why it is most often found in the lungs. This is called TB. But TB can also spread to other parts of the body, which is called extra pulmonary TB. It may spread to other organs. The bacterium (germ) that causes TB is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This germ can cause other kinds of TB, but pulmonary TB is the most common. People who are most at risk for developing TB disease are the elderly, small children, smokers, people who already have an immune system problem, such as HIV, people who do not regularly see a doctor, such as homeless people, people who live in crowded conditions. The symptoms of tuberculosis are- loss of weight, loss of energy, poor appetite, fever, a productive cough, night sweats , breathlessness, extreme tiredness or fatigue and unexplained pain for more than three weeks.

 

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

 

Scope and Importance:

 

The prevalence of tuberculosis in adult men in India is 2–4 times higher than in women. Tobacco smoking is prevalent almost exclusively among men, so it is possible that tobacco smoking may be a risk factor for developing Tuberculosis. A nested case control study was carried out to study the association between tobacco smoking and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can cause chronic impairment of lung function which increases incrementally with the number of episodes of tuberculosis. Clearly, prevention of tuberculosis and its effect on lung function is important and can be achieved by early detection and by reduction of the risk of tuberculosis through intervention on risk factors such as HIV, silica dust exposure, silicosis, and socioeconomic factors. Hundreds of studies have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of nucleic-acid amplification tests (NAATs) for tuberculosis (TB). Commercial tests have been shown to give more consistent results than in-house assays. Previous meta-analyses have found high specificity but low and highly variable estimates of sensitivity. However, reasons for variability in study results have not been adequately explored. We performed a meta-analysis on the accuracy of commercial NAATs to diagnose pulmonary TB and meta-regression to identify factors that are associated with higher accuracy.

 

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It grows best in areas of the body that have lots of blood and oxygen. That's why it is most often found in the lungs. This is called pulmonary TB. But TB can also spread to other parts of the body, which is called extra pulmonary TB. It may spread to other organs. The bacterium (germ) that causes TB is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This germ can cause other kinds of TB, but pulmonary TB is the most common. People who are most at risk for developing TB disease are the elderly, small children, smokers, people who already have an immune system problem, such as HIV, people who do not regularly see a doctor, such as homeless people, people who live in crowded conditions. The symptoms of tuberculosis are- loss of weight, loss of energy, poor appetite, fever, a productive cough, night sweats , breathlessness, extreme tiredness or fatigue and unexplained pain for more than three weeks. There are different tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis which includes- Biopsy of the affected tissue, Bronchoscopy, Chest CT scan, Chest x-ray and Tuberculin skin test. Therapy for TB requires a minimum of 6 months of treatment except for culture-negative pulmonary TB. Treatment is initiated when TB is confirmed or strongly suspected and consists of an initial intensive phase and a subsequent continuation phase. Treatment of latent infection is usually with isoniazid for 9 months, or rifampicin for 4 months. If exogenous reinfection is suspected, TB treatment should be based on the drug susceptibility profile of the index case, if known. Pulmonary tuberculosis Conference provides the scope for opportunities to learn progressed by international scientists and academicians. Pulmonary tuberculosis Conference offers excessive quality content to suit the diverse development of medicines and technology to treat people all over the globe. Pulmonary tuberculosis conference is a perfect platform to discuss the current discoveries and developments in the field of Pulmonology. The National Symposium on Tuberculosis offers an opportunity for a diverse group of attendees to network, compare programs, learn about new approaches, and discuss the latest issues facing the development in the field of the treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The conference is a platform where doctors, clinicians, researchers, health policy makers, physicians, nurses and health professionals can interact and discuss the current and future scenario in the field of Tuberculosis.

 

Why to attend?

 

In today's economic climate your business decisions are as crucial as ever. International Conference on Tuberculosis allows you to maximize your time and marketing dollars while receiving immediate feedback on your new products and services. International Conference on Tuberculosis is organizing an outstanding Scientific Exhibition/Program and anticipates the world's leading specialists involved in Tuberculosis and its novel technology. Your organization will be benefited with excellent exposure to the leaders in Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis - 2017 is an exciting opportunity to showcase the new Technology, the new products of your company, and/or the service your Industry may offer to a broad international audience

Why in Las Vegas, USA?

 

Because it’s located in the desert, Las Vegas remains very dry throughout the year. In April, the relative humidity for the city fluctuates between 13% (very dry) and 44% (comfortable), almost never dropping below 6% (very dry) or exceeding 66% (mildly humid). The air tends to be at its driest around April 30th, when the relative humidity falls below 17% (dry) three days out of every four. On the other hand, the air is usually at its most humid around April 1st, when it rises above 32% (comfortable) three days out of every four.

City Highlights:

The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous for its mega casino–hotels and associated entertainment. Las Vegas is the 29th-most populous city in the United States. The city is one of the top three leading destinations in the United States for conventions, business, and meetings. In addition, the city's metropolitan area has more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world, and is a global leader in the hospitality industry. Today, Las Vegas is one of the top tourist destinations in the world

Target Audience:

 

Doctors

Microbiologist

Scientists

Researchers

Students

Industrial experts

Delegates from Academia and Research along with the Industrial professionals

Technologist from Microbiology companies and healthcare sectors.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event.

                                       We look forward to welcome you all in Las Vegas, USA. Mark  Tuberculosis 2017 calendar and join us to have an exciting experience and worthy scientific moments.

Market Analysis Report

Market Report:

After 2 decades of progress toward tuberculosis (TB) elimination with annual decreases of ≥0.2 cases per 100,000 persons , TB incidence in the United States remained approximately 3.0 cases per 100,000 persons during 2013–2015. Preliminary data reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System indicate that TB incidence among foreign-born persons in the United States (15.1 cases per 100,000) has remained approximately 13 times the incidence among U.S.-born persons (1.2 cases per 100,000). Resuming progress toward TB elimination in the United States will require intensification of efforts both in the United States and globally, including increasing U.S. efforts to detect and treat latent TB infection, strengthening systems to interrupt TB transmission in the United States and globally, accelerating reductions in TB globally, particularly in the countries of origin for most U.S. cases.

 

Health departments in the 50 states and District of Columbia (DC) electronically report verified TB cases that meet the CDC and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System . Reports include the patient’s demographic information, medical and social risk factors for TB, and clinical information about the TB case. U.S.-born persons are defined as persons born in the United States, American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the Republic of Palau, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. minor outlying islands, or persons born elsewhere to a U.S. citizen . Race/ethnicity is self-identified. Persons of Hispanic ethnicity might be of any race or multiple races; non-Hispanic persons are categorized by race. CDC calculates state and overall national TB incidence by using July 1 midyear population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau . The Current Population Survey provides the population denominators for incidence according to national origin and race/ethnicity . TB case counts and incidence per 100,000 population during 2015 and percent change from 2014 were calculated for the 50 states and DC and for each census division.

 

 

 

FIGURE. Tuberculosis (TB) incidence overall and among U.S.- and foreign-born persons, by year — United States, 2000–2015*

 

   Societies and Associations:

           American Lung Association

          National Tuberculosis Controllers Association

           American Thoracic Society

Companies:

·         AstraZeneca

·         GlaxoSmithKline-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus

·         Otsuka

·         Tibotec

·         Vertex

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Bacteriology 2016

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Conference Date April 24-26, 2017

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Bacteriology 2016 Conference

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Clinical Microbiology: Open Access Applied Microbiology: Open Access Journal of Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis Mycobacterial Diseases

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